Presence of complete or incomplete septa in human jugular foramens / Presencia de septos completos o incompletos en forámenes yugulares humanos

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of anatomical variants in the exocranial surface of the jugular foramen, specifically, the presence of single or double and complete or incomplete septation. A cross-sectional anatomical study was performed using 96 Brazilian dry human skulls (53 male and 43 female). One examiner determined the number (single or double) and type (i.e. complete or incomplete) of osseous septation at the outer surface of jugular foramens. Data went through statistical analysis on GraphPad Prism 6.01. Our results shown that Male individuals where more likely to present normal jugular foramens (male = 71.69%, female = 34.88%; p = 0.003). However, one incomplete septation occurred more often on the right side of female individuals (1 incomplete septation, male = 16.98%; 1 incomplete septation, female = 34.88%; p = 0.044). Similarly, one complete septation (i.e. the presence of two fully divided jugular compartments) also occurred more often on the right side of female individuals (1 complete septation, male = 9.43%; 1 complete septation, female = 25.58%; p = 0.038). Anatomical variants of the jugular foramen regarding single or double complete or incomplete septations were more likely to be found on the right side of female individuals, whose also presented a higher rate of jugular foramens with any type of septation than regular non-altered jugular foramens.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la presencia de variaciones anatómicas en la superficie exocraneal del foramen yugular, especificamente, la presencia de septos únicos o dobles, completos o incompletos. El estudio fue realizado en 96 cráneos secos (53 masculinos y 43 femeninos) de indivíduos Brasileños. Se determinaron septos óseos completos o incompletos y número de ellos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron tratados estadísticamente con el programa GraphPad Prism 6.01. Los sujetos de sexo masculino fueron más propensos a presentar forámenes yugulares normales (sexo masculino: 71,69%; sexo femenino: 34,88%, p= 0,003). Sin embargo, se observaron septos incompletos con mayor frecuencia en el lado derecho y en el sexo femenino (sexo masculino: 16,98%; sexo femenino: 34,88%, p=0,044). Adicionalmente, una septación completa (presencia de dos compartimientos yugulares, divididos completamente), se presentaron más frecuentemente en el lado derecho de indivíduos femeninos (sexo masculino: 9,43%; sexo femenino: 25,58%, p= 0,038). Las variantes anatómicas del foramen yugular, en relación a septos simples o dobles, completos o incompletos, se encontraron con mayor frecuencia en el lado derecho de las mujeres, las que presentaron un alto rango de forámenes yugulares con algún tipo de septos respecto a los forámenes yugulares regulares no alterados.

Trigeminal neuralgia: literature review

The trigeminal nerve, fifth equal of cranial nerves, a mixed nerve is considered by possessing motor and sensitive components. The sensitive portion takes to the Nervous System Central somesthesics information from the skin and mucous membrane of great area of the face, being responsible also for a neural disease, known as the Trigeminal Neuralgia. The aim of this study was to review the literature on the main characteristics of Trigeminal Neuralgia, the relevant aspects for the diagnosis and treatment options for this pathology. This neuralgia is characterized by hard pains and sudden, similar to electric discharges, with duration between a few seconds to two minutes, in the trigeminal nerve sensorial distribution. The pain is unchained by light touches in specific points in the skin of the face or for movements of the facial muscles, it can be caused by traumatic sequels or physiologic processes degenerative associate the vascular compression. Prevails in the senior population, frequently in the woman. In a unilateral way it attacks more the maxillary and mandibular divisions, rarely happens in a simultaneous way in the three branches of trigeminal nerve three branches.

Morphological characteristics of foramen of Vesaliusand its relationship with clinical implications

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence as well morphometry of the foramen of Vesalius in humanskulls and analyzing their clinical importance. Dry human skulls (n = 80) and with gender distinction wereused (40 male and 40 female). The results demonstrates an total incidence of 40%, 13.75% skulls with thebilateral presence of the foramen, 26.25% skulls with the unilateral presence of the foramen, 31.25% skullswith foramen only of the right side, 22.50% skulls with foramen only of the left side, 25% masculine skulls withat least 1 foramen and 52.25% skulls with at least 1 foramen. The morphometry showed an average diameterof 1.457 ± 1.043 mm on the right and 1592 ± 0938 mm to the left. The average distance to the foramenovale was 1.853 ± 0.303 mm on the right side and 2.464 ± 0.311 mm on the left. It can be concluded that adeepened anatomical study of the foramen of Vesalius collaborates not only for anatomical knowledge of thisstructure, but also in clinical situations involving this foramen.

Incidence of the ossified pterygoalar ligamentin Brazilian human skulls and its clinical implications

The ossified pterygoalar ligament is formed between the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process and theinfratemporal surface of the sphenoid bone or its greater wing and was not connected to the sphenoid spine.The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of the ossified pterygoalar ligament in Brazilian humanskulls and analyzing its clinical importance. 183 Brazilian adult (between 30 to 60 years old) dry human skullswere evaluated. Was evaluated the incidence of skulls with complete or partial ossification of the pterygoalarligament, bilaterally and unilaterally and in the presence on the right and left sides. Were found 5 skulls had theossified pterygoalar ligament, resulting in an overall incidence of 2.73%. There was 1 skull in the presence ofthe incomplete ossification of the pterygoalar ligament, unilaterally and on the left side resulting in incidence of0.54%. There were 4 skulls in the presence of the complete ossification of the pterygoalar ligament, unilaterallyand on the right side resulting in incidence of 2.18%. The ossified pterygoalar ligament is a major cause of theentrapment of the lingual nerve or a branch of the mandibular nerve and may cause mandibular neuralgia. Theincidence of the ossified pterygoalar ligament and the pterygoalar foramen is low in the Brazilian population.However, these structures have clinical significance as this ligament establish relationships with the ovaleforamen and difficulty in accessing in this foramen in a therapeutic approach.

Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum in human skulls of brazilian individuals: its relation to gender

The morphological characteristics obtained by craniometry may be the key to sex determination and enable us to identify unknown individuals in anywhere in the world. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the linear morphometry of foramen magnum to verify the morphological characteristics for gender determination in human skulls of Brazilian individuals. Methods: With a digital caliper, were made three non-consecutive measurements of the foramen magnum in 215 human skulls (139 male and 76 female), from the collection of the Department of Morphology and Descriptive Topography – UNIFESP/SP with registered data on nationality, gender, and age. The craniometric measurements were made in accordance with the protocol defined by Günay and Altinkõk (2000). The data were submitted to intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Student t-test with significance level of 5%. Results: There were no statistically significant differences (chi-square, p > 0.05) between the ethnic groups within each gender. The ANOVA and Tukey tests showed that the gender influenced the width of the foramen magnum. The FM is higher in males (30.3 ± 0.20) than in females (29.4 ± 0.23), but not in length (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The morphometric linear method of the foramen magnum (width) was able to determine the morphological differences between sexes and can be used in conjunction with other anthropological techniques to gender determination of unknown individuals.

The frontal sinus morphology in radiographs of Brazilian subjects: its forensic importance

The determination of gender of unknown persons is of vital importance in forensic investigations, such as anthropologic,medical and dental forensic studies, mainly in cases where only fragments of the skull remain and there is no possibility of identification based on the dental arch. The aim of the present study was to develop a mathematical method based on logistic regression analysis capable of determining the gender of individuals using measurements of the frontal sinus. The right and left areas and the maximum height and width of the frontal sinus were determined in 100 radiographs taken by the Caldwell technique of 50 women and 50 men between 20 and 30 years old, with the help of the prog ram SIARCS 3.0 (EMBRAPA). The mean values of the frontal sinus were greater in males and the left area was larger than the right area, based on Student’s t-test at the 5% level of significance. The mathematical model based on logistic regression analysis gave a concordanceindex for gender of 79.7% in the cases studied. The areas of the frontal sinus and the logistic regression technique proved to be useful in the determination of gender. (Logit = 1.6905 – 0.5383* left area).